作者:城市网 来源:城市网学院 更新日期：2013-2-28
关键词汇：Lecture, tutorial, seminar, presentation etc.
在很多西方教学理念中，培养学生独立学习的意识和能力是最重要的理念之一，这种理念渗透到了学校教学的方方面面。学校鼓励学生主动学习，而不是被动听课和死记硬背。要求学生独立地进行研究，收集和分析自己或团队获取的数据，勇于提出问题，勇于向老师和同学进行符合逻辑性的争辩。
课堂上，教师除讲解外，更多的是给予学生启迪，让学生思考和发表观点。有什么疑问，学生课后可以直接去找老师预约时间见面。此外，教师还会要求学生安排相当时间在图书馆或实验室做自我研究工作，鼓励学生主动地进行学习和科研，从而激发学生的创新意识。
以上的种种均是去往西方海外留学必将经历的。因此，在考试中，考生经常能听到学生和学生之间或老师和学生之间的讨论，有对学习方法的讨论，也有对某一学术主题展开讨论。
而一般来讲，这些讨论会以lecture/report, tutorial、seminar、presentation等形式展开。
Lecture
lecture一般以老师讲，学生听为主，可能当中提出一些问题。
【典型范例】：
Instruction: Dr. Linda Graycar who is from the City Institute for the Blind is talking about the system of writing for the blind known as Braille.
1. What can the #bined dots represent?
A both letters and words
B only individual words
C only letters of the alphabet
2. What is unusual about the way Braille is written?
A It can only be written using a machine.
B The texts have to be read backwards.
C Handwritten Braille is created in reverse.
【范例原文】：
Dr. Graycar: Well, it's a system of touch reading which uses an arrangement of raised dots called a cell. Braille numbered the dot positions 1-2-3 downward on the left and 4-5-6 downward on the right, The letters of the alphabet are then formed by using different #binations of these dots.
Student: So is the writing system based on the alphabet with each word being individually spelt out?
Dr. Graycar: Well … it's not quite that simple, I'm afraid! For instance, the first 10 letters of the alphabet are Formed using dots 1, 2, 4 and 5. But Braille also has its own short forms for #mon words. For example, 'b' for the word 'but' and 'h' for 'have' – there are many other contractions like this.
Student: Can it be written by hand or do you need a machine to produce Braille?
Dr. Graycar: Well, you can write it by hand on to paper with a device called a slate and stylus but the trick is that you have to write backwards . . . e.g. from right to left so that then when you turn your sheet over, the dots face upwards and can be read like English from left to right.
【范例分析】： 范例是一位教授介绍一种盲文体。在教授的演讲中，会有学生不间断的提出一些问题，很多时候，在讲座中穿插的一些问题即考点所在。提醒考生，在lecture或report过程中，有提问就会有考点！
【范例答案】： 1. A
2. C
Tutorial
Tutorial指小班授课，一般是在导师的指导下，学生就某个学术主题展开讨论或者研究探讨学习策略、论文或者对别人的文章进行评论。也可能是对导师Lecture中涉及的某些知识内容或者案例进行讨论。
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